Template Function Argument DialogTemplate argument deduction takes place after the function template name lookup (which may involve argument-dependent lookup) and before overload resolution. Function Template Instantiation. Each instantiation is a version of the templated function specialized for the type. This instantiation will be called every time the function is used for the type. If you have several identical instantiations, even in different modules, only one copy of the instantiation will end up in the executable file. Conversion of function arguments is allowed in function templates for any argument and parameter pair where the parameter does not depend on a template argument. Function templates can be explicitly instantiated by declaring the template with a particular type as an argument. For example, the following code is allowed. These template arguments can be any type if the template argument list. The template-parameter-list is a list of parameters used by the template function that. Is easier to answer since for template argument deduction the language allows A to be any valid C++ type (not a constant reference to constant function, of course). This page is a collection of obscure C++ features. Compile-time sum function template <typename L. How to run a function inside a template. A template is a JavaScript function. Its only argument is the data which the template should work with. You must set at least one type as a template argument. Uses of variadic templates - variadic class. The template argument that can be used with a non-type. In a function template. The template parameter lists of template template parameters can have. Template Function Argument Definition
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Mindstorms-NXT Small Robots. The original Mindstorms Robotics Invention System kit contained two motors, two touch sensors, and one light sensor. The NXT version has three servo motors and one sensor each for touch, light. Videos; Downloads; FAQ; About; Time Twister 4. An RBT file is a LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT Program, developed by The LEGO Group. Learn what Mac and Windows programs open.RBT files. Robotsquare is being updated – Robotsquare. Thanks for stopping by! Robotsquare will be back soon. What made you want to look up RBT Lego MINDSTORMS NXT Program? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).HiTechnic Software Downloads. Zip file includes RPMGauge.ric file that needs to be manually copied into the “\LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT\engine\Pictures” folder of the LEGO Mindstorms installation. Description: Version. LEGO Mindstorms NXT is a programmable robotics kit released by Lego in late July 2006. 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Companies looking for just a SIM toolset who are not already Ariba shops (or considering deploying other Ariba solutions as part of a SIM deployment) would be well advised to consider other best- of- breed solutions in addition to this Spend Management suite extension. For example, Ariba SIM provides significant integration with backend systems, providing a single source of input, or . It also offers all of the basic capabilities needed to manage supplier profiles, registration details, background information (certifications, banking details, quality certificates), etc. Today's changing business environment creates a greater need for automation, compliance, and savings. Collaborative sourcing goes beyond just buying. Vendor Management Assessments Help Improve Performance. Jeff Augustin, Managing Director at Alsbridge, a global sourcing, benchmarking and transformation advisory. What is Ariba Network (AN) and what is its basic Functionality? The Ariba Network (AN) is a global network that provides connectivity and online. PROFITABLE GROWTH, STRONG RETURNS What is Ariba e-Sourcing? Web based application which allows ITW and select suppliers to collaborate online to expedite the. Users can also search their supplier database in a highly granular manner (e. In addition, Ariba SIM also enables companies to manage suppliers and supplier information by exception, using a centralized customizable and drillable roll- based dashboard that highlights the detail that individual users want and need to see. No, the real power is in how Ariba integrates disparate types of information together in a single interface and toolset, providing a true real- time . No other solution in the market I've seen has anything quite like this. At LIVE in San Francisco last week, Ariba announced a new supplier information management (SIM) platform that competes against the likes of Aravo and others. Internal Ariba Users can visit the Ariba Support Site for reference materials and Supplier Users can visit the Supplier Training page for reference materials. Now, all of this assumes that you're using Ariba for these other areas. But for those that do, it's a powerful level of visibility that is a potential game changer. At the very least, it will force others to respond with similar offerings if they want to offer the same level of visibility across a complete spend or supply management toolset. I will also offer some thoughts on how it compares in the market to other SIM providers and under which circumstances companies should prioritize which elements and features (which will dictate which providers they should shortlist for their SIM needs). Microsoft Publisher (Free) . Chat and comment right in the editor and utilize complete teamwork capabilities while still maintaining as much control as you need. Drag and drop. 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MB: 1. 99. 4 - Handful. Savatage - Discography . How to Quickly Access and Use Windows System Restore or System Protection. System Protection (System Restore as it is called in Windows XP) is one of the most important system tools for maintaining Windows. However, Microsoft has chosen to bury it so that access takes a number of steps. I try out a lot of system tweaks and new software and that means that I am frequently creating and restoring System Restore points. System Migration Assistant, and Access. Ability to customize System Update using ADM files and registry settings Administrator tools for System Update are. Windows 7 System Maintenance Tools. Hopefully this article will provide some insight in to the built in tools for system maintenance in Windows 7. Remote Access Your System With TsClient. Windows 7 comes with a new entry in Control Panel that allows you to quickly access many system tasks. Quick and Easy Way to Access Windows 7 System Settings. Windows; Windows Server; System Center. Here’s an overview of the key tools you’ll find in Windows Vista and what they’re. So I prefer a quicker way than the standard tedious path. Here are shortcuts to use for the various flavors of Windows. Windows XPIn XP, a shortcut can be created this way. Right- click the desktop. Choose New- Shortcut. For the location of the item, enter: %SYSTEMROOT%\System. Click . This dialog box provides a way to either create a new restore point or to restore a previous restore point. This tips section is maintained by Vic Laurie. Vic runs a Windows blog called The PC Informant and also operates a computer education website. Click here for more items like this. Better still, get Tech Tips delivered via your RSS feeder or alternatively, have the RSS feed sent as email direct to your in- box. Understanding and Configuring User Account Control in Windows Vista. Enterprises today face a daunting task of enforcing desktop standardization. This challenge is intensified since the majority of users run as local administrators on their computers. As a local administrator, a user can install and uninstall applications and adjust system and security settings at will. As a result, IT departments often cannot gauge the holistic health and security of their environments. In addition, every application that these users launch can potentially use their accounts. Common tasks like browsing the Web and checking e- mail can become unsafe in this scenario. 20 Hidden Windows Vista Tools. Also, while the tools exemplified in this article are to a. Disk Management in Windows Vista is under Control Panel, System and. How to Quickly Access and Use Windows System Restore. In Windows Vista, opening System Restore triggers the UAC challenge so just click. List of Microsoft Windows components The following is. Protects Registry keys and folders in addition to critical system files: Windows Vista: Deprecated components and apps. Where can I access Registry Backup in System Mechanic 16 for Windows XP & Vista? Where can I access Registry Backup in System Mechanic 16 for Windows XP & Vista? Under Specialized Tools. Essential free programs for your Windows XP or Vista toolkit. 10 really useful free Windows system tools. DAEMON Tools Lite creates up to four virtual CD/DVD drives that can access disc image files. In addition, all of these elements increase an organization. For this reason, the Windows. User Account Control (UAC) was the outcome of this redesign process. A History of the Windows Administrator Account. By default, when Microsoft Windows. This account type enables users to install, update, and run software since an administrator account has system- wide access. When a user is added to the local administrators group, that user is automatically granted every Windows privilege. A privilege is an authorization attribute that affects computer- wide policies. For example, Se. Backup. Privilege allows a user to backup files and directories. Privileges should not be confused with permissions, though; permissions apply to objects while privileges apply only to user accounts. These privileges are collected and maintained in a user. The access token also contains user specific data for authorization purposes; Windows uses access tokens to track what resources a user can access. Every Windows resource has an Access Control List (ACL), which is a list that records which users and services have permission to access the resource and what level of permission they have. Windows' authorization model uses the data contained within a user's access token to determine what access the user is permitted/denied in a resource's ACL. Administrative users automatically have. Read/Write/Execute permissions to all resources. All Windows privileges. While it may seem clear that all users should not be able to read, alter, and delete any Windows resource, many enterprise IT departments have no other option but to make all of their users administrators. The following are some reasons why enterprises run as administrator today: Application installation (members of the Users group cannot install or uninstall applications): Many enterprises have no centralized method for deploying applications to their users, such as Microsoft Systems Management Server. Enterprises that do utilize software deployment technologies allow users to run as administrator because of ad hoc application installations for specialized applications for specific departments (a custom spreadsheet application for the Marketing department, for instance). Custom Web applications (Active. X controls): With the growth of the independent software vendor (ISV) community, many companies are opting to have custom applications designed for their specific business requirements. Many of these custom applications include a Web browser front- end, which requires an Active. X control to be installed. Because Active. X controls are executable files and can contain malware, Windows prevents members of the Users group from installing them. Perceived lower TCO (reduced help desk calls versus reduced attack surface): Many enterprises believe that allowing users to install their own applications will help limit the number and cost of Help Desk calls. Unfortunately, running your enterprise workstations as administrator also makes your network vulnerable to . Malware can exploit a local administrator account. Ensuring that all users run as standard users is the primary way to help mitigate the impact of malware. A standard user account is a user account that has the least amount of user rights and privileges required to perform basic desktop tasks. However, while a standard user account does exist by default in Windows. Many applications also require users to be administrators by default, as they check group administrator group membership before running. No user security model existed for Windows 9. Windows 9. 8. As a result, application developers designed their applications assuming that they would be installed and run as an administrator. A user security model was created for Windows. In addition, a standard user on a Windows. As a result, most people continue to browse the Web and read e- mail as an administrator. Reducing the Total Cost of Ownership. Because UAC enables users to easily run as standard users, IT departments can have more confidence in the integrity of their environments, including system files, audit logs, and system- wide settings. In addition, administrators no longer need to devote large blocks of time to authorizing tasks on individual computers. This saves the IT staff time that can be redirected to overall system maintenance, reducing an organization. Furthermore, IT administrators gain better control over software licensing because they can ensure that only authorized applications are installed. As a result, they will no longer have to worry about unlicensed or malicious software endangering their network, causing system downtime and data loss, or creating licensing liabilities. In response to the challenges customers encounter when attempting to run as a standard user, Microsoft began researching how to make running as a standard user easier for everyone. Refining User Modes. In Windows. Standard users are equivalent to the standard user account in previous versions of Windows. Standard users have limited administrative privileges and user rights. However, standard users can perform these tasks if they are able to provide valid administrative credentials when prompted. With UAC enabled, members of the local Administrators group run with the same access token as standard users. Only when a member of the local Administrators group gives approval can a process use the administrator. This process is the basis of the principle of Admin Approval Mode. The following table details some of the tasks a standard user can perform and what tasks require elevation to an administrator account. Power Users also had write access to areas of the file system and registry that normally only allow administrator access. Power Users enabled some level of application compatibility; unfortunately, this did not address a fundamental problem: applications requiring unnecessary privileges and user rights. UAC does not leverage the Power Users group, and the permissions granted to the Power Users group on Windows. The Power Users group, however, is still available for backwards compatibility with other versions of Windows. To use the Power Users group on Windows. For example, modifying the system registry should always be an administrative task browsing the Internet should always be a standard user task. The UAC access token model makes this distinction even clearer. An administrator account in Admin Approval Mode is prompted for consent by the application or component that is requesting permission to use the user. UAC Architecture. While the Windows. The following illustration details how the logon process for an administrator differs from the logon process for a standard user. When an administrator logs on, the user is granted two access tokens: a full administrator access token and a . By default, when a member of the local Administrators group logs on, the administrative Windows privileges are disabled and elevated user rights are removed, resulting in the standard user access token. The standard user access token is then used to launch the desktop (Explorer. Explorer. exe is the parent process from which all other user- initiated processes inherit their access token. As a result, all applications run as a standard user by default unless a user provides consent or credentials to approve an application to use a full administrative access token. Contrasting with this process, when a standard user logs on, only a standard user access token is created. This standard user access token is then used to launch the desktop. A user that is a member of the Administrators group can now log in, browse the Web, and read e- mail while using a standard user access token. When the administrator needs to perform a task that requires the administrator access token, Windows. This prompt is called an elevation prompt, and its behavior can be configured in the Security Policy Editor (secpol. Group Policy. For information about how to adjust UAC Group Policy settings, see the . The one exception is the relationship that exists between parent and child processes. Child processes will inherit the user. Both the parent and child processes, however, must have the same integrity level. Windows. Integrity levels are measurements of trust. AIS facilitates launching such applications by creating a new process for the application with an administrative user. This is a new service for Windows. As a result, IT administrators will not need to replace the majority of pre- Windows. Virtualization ensures that even applications that are not UAC compliant will be compatible with Windows. When a non- UAC- compliant administrative application attempts to write to a protected directory, such as Program Files, UAC gives the application its own virtualized view of the resource it is attempting to change, using a copy- on- write strategy. The virtualized copy is maintained under the user's profile. As a result, a separate copy of the virtualized file is created for each user that runs the non- compliant application. The virtualization technology ensures that non- compliant applications will not silently fail to run or fail in a non- deterministic way. UAC also provides file and registry virtualization and logging by default for pre- Windows. Although virtualization allows the overwhelming majority of pre- Windows. Drinking Driver Rehabilitation Program (Project CRASH)For CRASH Information If you need to register for CRASH classes, click HERE. Otherwise, call (8. Monday through Thursday between 1. AM and 1. 2: 0. 0 Noon. For general inquiries, please email AHS. VDHIDRP@vermont. gov. The CRASH Program has been designed to provide information to help the individual understand clearly how alcohol, and other drugs, affect behavior and driving skills so that an individual can prevent trouble in the future. In Vermont, it is illegal to drive a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. A motor vehicle may be any type of motorized vehicle, including, but not limited to, snowmobiles, motor boats, and all terrain vehicles. If an individual’s blood alcohol content (BAC) is . DWI. In certain circumstances, an individual may be charged with a DWI with a BAC of less than . If an individual under the age of 2. BAC) of . 0. 2% or higher and they are driving a motor vehicle, their privilege to drive may be suspended and/or they may be charged with a DWI. Basic CRASH Information. How To Begin the CRASH Process. Project CRASH Programs For Further Information. How To Begin the CRASH Program. The CRASH Program begins with an Intake Evaluation session. The Project CRASH Evaluator will notify the individual of what further requirements will need to be met in order to successfully complete the CRASH Program. There will be a fee for the Intake Evaluation. NOTE: Individuals with a first or second offense may choose to participate in the Weekend Program. Individuals with a LIFE suspension are not eligible to participate in the weekend program; however, they are required to register and complete the Project CRASH Educational School Program located in their area. The Project CRASH Programs are held at the following locations. Please call the facility in your area. Albans. Howard. Center(8. St. Johnsbury. Northeast Kingdom Human Services (8. Drug and Alcohol Practice Permit Test makes you qualify to drive by taking drug and alcohol course and DMV permit test online. Approved by state DMV. Ignition Interlock Device Restricted Drivers Licenses (IID & RDL) for applicants suspended for DUI offenses. IMPORTANT NOTE: Application for an RDL must be made by. Vermont's Motor Vehicle Arbitration Board. The Board includes gubernatorial appointees of a new car dealer and alternate, one active technician and alternate, and. Search Results: 1 to 10088 of 10088 total records. Name/Email Number Agency / Department City; Zwicky,Steven J Email: [email protected]. The space is equal parts engineering lab and art studio. Classes are led by engineers while students learn to code, create and present their robotic creations known. DMV Practice Permit Test Study Guide Find a series of DMV Practice Permit test questions to help you prepare for your Drivers License, Learners Permit, Motorcycle. Watch any course in the library - no bundles! 29 practice areas are covered including hard-to-find ethics. Get 1 free CLE hour when you sign up today.Springfield. Health Care & Rehabilitation Services(8. Wilmington/Dover. Phoenix House of NE, Inc. The objectives of the CRASH Education School are: To inform the individual of the extent and seriousness of alcohol impairment and some of the consequences of being under the influence. Thousands of Vermonters will have the chance to get their driver’s licenses back starting Thursday. The driver restoration program will let people with unpaid fines. Frequently Asked Questions on DUI, criminal defense, and personal Injury issues. Learn the laws regarding drivers license suspensions, dwi, dui defense, dwi defense. To provide the individual the opportunity to examine his/her own drinking and driving behavior. To evaluate the individual's relationship to alcohol and other drugs. To inform the individual of the resources available to assist him/her in changing his/her behavior. There will be a fee for the CRASH Educational School. Return to Top Weekday (evening) CRASH School. The Evening CRASH Education School is held for four 2- 1/2 hour classes. No unexcused absences or tardiness is allowed. The individual must participate in small group discussions, complete homework assignments, demonstrate knowledge of the information presented, and attend an exit interview. For individuals who are considered first offenders, or who are court ordered to attend the program, the exit interview will determine if alcohol therapy is necessary. For individuals who are considered second offenders, successful completion of treatment will be required. Weekend CRASH School. The weekend CRASH program is available to individuals who have an offense that is considered a first or second offense. The program begins on Friday evening, continues all day Saturday, and ends on Sunday afternoon. The Project CRASH Evaluator will explain the process and requirements to the individual at the Intake Evaluation. Successful completion of a treatment program is determined by the counselor, the Project CRASH Evaluator, and by the Project CRASH Director or his/her designee. The fee for therapy will be determined between the individual and the counselor of his/her choice. Project CRASH Treatment Information. License Reinstatement. An individual must successfully complete the Project CRASH Program before his/her privilege to drive may be reinstated. An individual may have other requirements or suspensions that need to be satisfied before their privilege to drive may be reinstated. In these instances, the individual will need to contact the Vermont Department of Motor Vehicles at 8. Total Abstinence Application You will only have one chance to prove Total Abstinence for license reinstatement after a life suspension. If you have lost your license because of DWIs, civil suspensions, and/or refusals, you may apply for license reinstatement with proof of the required three- year period of abstinence from all alcohol and drugs and the successful completion of a treatment program. Please Note: The State of Vermont Project CRASH Program requires all CRASH clients to take a state licensed DWI/DUI education program. For contact information for acceptable out of state education programs, please contact the Vermont Project CRASH Program at: 8. In addition, online DWI/DUI education programs will not be recognized by the State of Vermont Project CRASH Program for fulfillment of license reinstatement requirements. For additional information on Project CRASH: Vermont Department of Health. Project CRASH1. 08 Cherry Street P. O. Box 7. 0Burlington, Vermont 0. Office Phone: (8. Toll free within Vermont: 1- 8. Fax: (8. 02) 6. 51- 1. Phone Hours: 1. 0: 0. Noon, Monday through Thursday Office Hours: 7: 4. PLEASE NOTE: Due to The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1. HIPAA) Privacy and Security Rules, the Project CRASH Program can correspond with all CRASH clients, counselors, family member(s), attorney, any state DMV including Vermont, etc. Please click the following link to complete and mail the original form to the Project CRASH Program to be added to the Project CRASH client's file. 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Tags: business email template, business email template in blue colors, creative email template, email template, free html email template, free html newsletter template, html email template, html newsletter template, simple email template, simple newsletter template. Signs An Adult Was Abused As A. Privacy Policy; About Childhood Trauma Recovery; Possible Childhood Characteristics of Future Serial. Do Three Common Childhood Behaviors Predict a Serial Killer? Do you believe that serial killers have common traits that can appear as early as childhood? Many people do - thanks to the Macdonald Triad. The triad states that three common behaviors during childhood can point to murder- prone children: bed wetting past the age of five, animal cruelty and fire- setting. But is the stereotype true? The Macdonald Triad comes from a 1.
In the paper, Macdonald observed that these behaviors were frequently seen in his most aggressive and sadistic patients. He interviewed 4. Over half of the participants were men, and the participants ranged in age between 1. Macdonald's paper relied on clinical observation, and he did not believe that his small and unrepresentative study had any predictive value. Nonetheless, other researchers latched onto the study to test it again. A few years after Macdonald's paper was published, a team of researchers tried to recreate its findings. 10 Most Common Traits of Potential Serial Killers. Family members of future serial killers are usually out of. Before the serial killer kills for. What are the signs a future serial killer? Are you sure you want to delete this answer? Signs of a future serial. It divided 8. 4 incarcerated offenders into two groups: the 5. Three- quarters of the violent offenders had evidence of one or two of the behaviors of the Macdonald Triad, and 4. The study was small and poorly designed but subsequent trials that were better controlled and tested larger groups were also able to recreate its findings. The Macdonald Triad really caught fire though when the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit offered evidence of the Triad's veracity during the 1. Their studies, too, were flawed. They gathered information from just 3. All had volunteered for the interviews, but the samples were too small to draw any definitive conclusions. Nevertheless, several agents used the data to develop theories and publish articles. They found that, within their samples, half came from single- parent households; three- quarters had negligent or indifferent parents; three- quarters had paraphilias, or atypical and extreme sexual behavior; and three- quarters had been abused. A majority of those interviewed had a psychiatric history, while the average IQ was on the intelligent side of normal. Some violent offenders do indeed have backgrounds that include fire setting, animal cruelty and bed wetting past the age of five years old. But rarely do these offenders have all three behaviors in their past, while, according to Psychology Today, other ones - like callous disregard for others - show up much more frequently. In addition, some of the data about the Macdonald Triad and its link to serial killers has seeped into public consciousness from novels and websites, written by authors who believe that the link has been indisputably proven. Only recently have researchers begun to challenge the Macdonald Triad. In 2. 01. 0, Kori Ryan published a thesis that performed the most extensive review of the triad to date and found that it was utterly inconclusive. The triad can be an indication of a stressed child unable to cope well, or a child with developmental disabilities. But until better empirical data can be found to support the hypothesis, saying that these children are murder- prone should probably be avoided. PLL design problems can be approached using the. Phase-Locked Loop Design Fundamentals Application Note, Rev. PLL loop filter calculator This tool will calculate the component values for a 3rd order loop filter. Practical Phase-Locked Loop Design 2004 ISSCC Tutorial Dennis Fischette. Message from the Author. Fundamentals of Active PLL Loop Filter Design 105 Discusses all sorts. Shows a sample loop filter analysis using a Mathcad Sim ulation tool.
How to Design and Debug a Phase- Locked Loop (PLL) Circuit. Volume 4. 7 – September 2. Download this. article in PDF format. The PLL Design Assistant package is provided as a self-extracting executable file for Windows. Tool Basics The PLL Design Assistant provides a graphical user interface methodology to the design of phase.This article presents a simplified methodology for PLL design and provides an effective and logical way to debug difficult PLL problems. Simulation. It is difficult to estimate the specifications of a PLL circuit without simulating it at specific conditions, so simulation should be the first step of the PLL design process. We recommend that engineers use ADIsim. PLL software to run a simulation based on their system requirements, including reference frequency, step frequency, phase noise (jitter), and frequency spur limitations. Many engineers are confused as to how to choose a reference frequency, but the relationship between the reference frequency and the output frequency step is simple. With an integer- N PLL, the output frequency step is equal to the frequency at the input of the phase- frequency detector (PFD), which is the reference frequency divided by the reference divider, R. With a fractional- N PLL, the output frequency step is equal to the PFD input frequency divided by the MOD value, so you can use a higher reference frequency to obtain a smaller frequency step. When deciding whether to use integer- N or fractional- N, the frequency step can be traded for phase noise, with a lower PFD frequency providing better output frequency resolution, but worse phase noise. As an example, Table 1 shows that if the requirement calls for a fixed- frequency output with a very large frequency step, an integer- N PLL, such as the ADF4. Conversely, if the requirement calls for a small frequency step, a fractional- N PLL, such as the ADF4. N PLL. Phase noise is an essential PLL specification, but the data sheet cannot specify performance for all possible applications. Thus, simulation followed by testing actual hardware is crucial. Phase Noise Determines Choice of PLLFixed- Frequency Application. RF = 1. 8 GHz,fosc = 1. MHz,fixed output frequency. GSM1. 80. 0 Application. RF = 1. 8 GHz,fosc = 1. MHz,fres = 2. 00 k. Hz. ADF4. 10. 6 Integer- N PLL FOM + 1. N = –2. 23 + 1. 0log 1. MHz + 2. 0log 1. 38 = –1. Bc/Hz. FOM + 1. 0log fpfd + 2. N = –2. 23 + 1. 0log 2. Hz + 2. 0log 9. 00. Bc/Hz. ADF4. 15. 3 Fractional- N PLLFOM + 1. N = –2. 20 + 1. 0log 1. MHz + 2. 0log 1. 38 = –1. Bc/Hz. FOM + 1. 0log fpfd + 2. N = –2. 20 + 1. 0log 1. MHz + 2. 0log 1. 38 = –1. Bc/Hz. Result. Integer- N is better. Fractional- N is better. Even when using ADIsim. PLL to simulate a PLL circuit under real conditions, the results will probably be insufficient unless model files for the actual reference and voltage- controlled oscillator (VCO) are included. If not, the simulator will use an ideal reference and VCO to do a simulation. The time required to edit a library file for a VCO and reference source will be well worth it when high simulation accuracy is required. PLLs use a negative- feedback control system similar to that of an amplifier, so the concepts of loop bandwidth and phase margin apply here as well. Generally, the loop bandwidth should be set smaller than one- tenth of the PFD frequency, and the safe range for phase margin is from 4. In addition, both simulation and the prototyping on a real board should be performed to confirm that the circuit will meet specifications given the parasitic elements on the PCB layout and the tolerances of resistors and capacitors in the loop filter. Sometimes suitable values of resistors and capacitors are not readily available, so engineers must determine whether other values will work. A small function called BUILT is hidden in the Tools menu of ADIsim. PLL. This function transforms the values of resistors and capacitors to the nearest standard engineering value, allowing the designer to rerun the simulation to verify the new values for phase margin and loop bandwidth. Registers. ADI PLLs provide many user- configurable options to enable a flexible design environment, but this introduces the challenge of determining the values to store in each register. A convenient solution is to use the evaluation software to set up the register values, even if a PCB isn’t connected to the simulator. Afterwards, the setup file can be saved to an . The simulation results from ADIsim. PLL, shown in Figure 1, recommend register values for parameters such as the core current of VCO. Figure 1. ADIsim. PLL simulation software provides recommended values for setup registers. Schematics and PCB Layout. Several things should be kept in mind when designing the complete PLL circuit. First, it’s important to match the impedance at the reference input port of the PLL to minimize reflections. Also, keep the capacitance in parallel with the input port small, as it will decrease the slew rate of the incoming signal and add noise to the PLL loop. Refer to the input requirements on the PLL data sheet for more detailed information. Second, separate the analog and digital power supplies to minimize the interference between them. The VCO supply is particularly sensitive, so spurs and noise here can easily couple into the PLL output. Please refer to Powering a Fractional- N Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) with Low Noise LDO Regulators for Reduced Phase Noise (CN- 0. Third, the resistors and capacitors used to implement the loop filter should be placed as close as possible to the PLL chip using the values that were recommended by the simulation file. If you have difficulty locking onto a signal after you have changed the values of the loop filter components, please try the original values that were used on the evaluation board. In terms of the PCB layout, the main principle is to separate the input from the output, making sure that the digital circuitry does not interfere with the analog circuitry. For example, placing the SPI bus too close to the reference input or VCO output will cause spurs on the PLL output when accessing the PLL registers. From a thermal design perspective, put a thermal ground pad under the PLL chip to ensure that heat flows through the pad to the PCB and heat sink. Designers should calculate all thermal parameters of the PLL chip and PCB when used in extreme environments. Effective Use of MUXOUTAt the start of the debug phase, it’s difficult to determine where to start when the PLL won’t lock. As a first step, use MUXOUT to see if each internal function unit is operating properly, as shown in Figure 2. For example, MUXOUT can show the output of the R- counter to indicate that the reference input signal is fine and that the contents of the register were successfully written. MUXOUT can also check to see the detector’s lock status and the output of the N- divider in the feedback loop. In this way, the designer can confirm whether the value of each divider, gain, or frequency is correct. This is the fundamental process of debugging a PLL. Figure 2. MUXOUT pin aids PLL debugging process. Time- Domain Analysis. While debugging a PLL, use time- domain analysis to demonstrate that the data written to the registers on the serial peripheral interface (SPI) bus is correct. Even though reads and writes are not done very quickly, make sure that the SPI timing meets specifications and that crosstalk between different lines is minimized. The timing diagram of the PLL’s data sheet should be consulted to determine data setup time, clock speed, pulse width, and other specifications. Be sure to leave enough margin to ensure that the timing requirements are met under all conditions. An oscilloscope should be used to check to see that the clock and data edges are in the right position in the time domain. If clock and data lines are too close, crosstalk can cause energy from the clock to couple to the data line via the PCB traces. This coupling results in a glitch on the data line that occurs on the rising edge of the clock. Therefore, look at these two lines when writing or reading the registers, especially if register errors appear. Make sure that the voltages on the lines are satisfied as shown in Table 2. Logic Inputs. Minimum. Typical. Maximum. Units. Input High Voltage, VINH1. VInput Low Voltage, VINL0. VInput Current, IINH/IINL. With a spectrum analyzer, first check to see if the PLL output is locked, as indicated by a stable frequency peak. If not, the tips described above should be followed. If the PLL is locked, narrow the bandwidth of the spectrum analyzer to determine whether the phase noise is acceptable or not, confirming the test result with the simulation result. Measure the phase noise at several bandwidths, such as 1 k. Hz, 1. 0 k. Hz, and 1 MHz, for example. If the result is not as expected, first review the loop filter design and check the real values of the components on the PCB board. Next, check the reference input to see if its phase noise is the same as the simulation. The simulated phase noise of the PLL should be similar to the real result unless the external conditions are different or the registers were written with the wrong values. The noise from the power supply should not be ignored, even if a low- noise LDO is used, because both dc- to- dc converters and LDOs look like noise sources. The LDO data sheet usually shows a noise spectrum density that will affect noise- sensitive parts such as PLLs (see Figure 3). Choose a low- noise power source for the PLL, especially to supply the core current of the VCO. Figure 3. LDO noise spectral density. Four types of spurs normally appear at the PLL output: PFD or reference spurs, fractional spurs,integer boundary spurs, and spurs from external sources, such as the power supply. All PLLs have at least one type of spur, and although they can never be eliminated, we can sometimes improve overall performance by trading spurs of one type or frequency for another. To avoid reference spurs, check the rising edge of reference signal. An edge that is too fast or too large in amplitude will cause strong harmonics in the frequency domain. Also, carefully check the PCB layout to avoid crosstalk between input and output. |
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